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- $Unique_ID{BRK03522}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Bell's Palsy}
- $Subject{Bell's Palsy Facial Nerve Palsy Refrigeration Palsy Facial Paralysis
- Idiopathic Facial Palsy Antoni's Palsy Acoustic Neuroma Myasthenia Gravis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1985, 1990, 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 48:
- Bell's Palsy
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Bell's Palsy) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Facial Nerve Palsy
- Refrigeration Palsy
- Facial Paralysis
- Idiopathic Facial Palsy
- Antoni's Palsy
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Acoustic Neuroma
- Myasthenia Gravis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Bell's Palsy is a nonprogressive facial nerve disorder characterized by
- the sudden onset of facial paralysis. Paralysis results from decreased blood
- supply (ischemia) and/or compression of the 7th cranial nerve.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The early symptoms of Bell's Palsy may include a slight fever, pain behind
- the ear, a stiff neck, and weakness and/or stiffness on one side of the face.
- The symptoms may begin suddenly and progress rapidly over several hours, and
- sometimes follow exposure to cold or a draft. Part or all of the face may be
- affected.
-
- In most cases of Bell's Palsy, only facial muscle weakness occurs and the
- facial paralysis is temporary. Occasionally, only the upper or lower half
- the face is affected.
-
- In severe cases of Bell's Palsy, the facial muscles on the affected side
- are completely paralyzed, causing that side of the face to become smooth,
- expressionless, and immobile. Often the opening between the upper and lower
- eyelids (palpebral fissure) is enlarged and remains open during sleep. This
- may result in the inability to close the eye on the affected side. People
- with Bell's Palsy may not have a corneal reflex; the eye on the affected side
- does not close when the cornea is touched.
-
- If the compressed region of the facial nerve is next to the branching of
- other nerves, there may be a decrease in saliva and/or tear production. Some
- people with Bell's Palsy experience a loss of the sense of taste on one side
- of the mouth and an increased sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis) on the
- affected side of the head. In some cases, a patient's response to a pinprick
- behind the ear also is decreased.
-
- Recovery from Bell's Palsy depends on the extent and severity of damage
- to the 7th cranial nerve. If facial paralysis is only partial, complete
- recovery can be expected. The affected muscles usually regain their original
- function within 1 to 2 months. If, as recovery proceeds, the nerve fibers
- regrow to muscles other than the ones they originally innervated, there may
- be voluntary muscle movements of the face accompanied by involuntary
- contractions of other facial muscles (synkinesia). Crocodile tears (tears
- not brought on by emotion) associated with facial muscular contractions
- occasionally develop in the aftermath of Bell's palsy.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Bell's Palsy is not known. Viral and immune disorders
- (i.e., herpes zoster virus) are often implicated as a cause for this
- disorder. There may also be an inherited tendency toward developing Bell's
- Palsy. Symptoms develop due to deficiency of blood supply and pressure on
- the 7th cranial nerve as a result of nerve swelling.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Bell's Palsy is a fairly prevalent disorder that affects males and females in
- equal numbers. It is estimated that between 25 and 35 in 100,000 people in
- the United States are affected with Bell's Palsy.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Bell's Palsy.
- Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Acoustic Neuroma is a benign tumor of the 8th cranial nerve. This nerve
- lies within the internal ear canal. Pressure on this nerve results in the
- early symptoms of Acoustic Neuroma; a ringing sound in the ear (tinnitus),
- and/or hearing loss may occur. An associated compression of the facial nerve
- (7th cranial nerve) may produce muscle weakness; pressure on the trigeminal
- nerve (5th cranial nerve) may lead to facial numbness. The expansion of the
- tumor into different areas may result in impaired ability to coordinate
- movement of the legs and arms (ataxia), numbness in the mouth, slurred speech
- (dysphagia), and/or hoarseness. (For more information in this disorder,
- choose "Acoustic Neuroma" as your search term on the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic neuromuscular disease characterized by
- muscle weakness. Initially the muscles of the mouth, lips, tongue, and voice
- box are the most affected. The early symptoms of this disorder may include
- difficulties in speaking, chewing, and/or swallowing; the eyelids may droop
- and double vision may occur. When these symptoms occur on one side
- (unilateral), the disorder may resemble Bell's Palsy. Eventually muscle
- weakness extends into the arms and legs resulting in generalized physical
- weakness. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Myasthenia Gravis"
- as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Initial treatment for Bell's Palsy attempts to relieve the pressure on the
- facial nerve in order to minimize and/or prevent permanent nerve damage.
- Massage and mild electrical stimulation of the paralyzed muscles can help
- maintain facial muscle tone and prevent the loss of muscle function.
- Treatment with oral corticosteroid drugs, such as prednisone, has been more
- successful than surgical attempts to widen the facial canal.
-
- Methylcellulose eye drops, eyeglasses or goggles, and/or temporary
- patching may help to protect the exposed eye of people with Bell's Palsy if
- they cannot close the eye. In very severe cases, partial or total surgical
- closure of the eyelid on the affected side (tarsorrhaphy), may protect the
- eye from permanent damage. In those rare cases when Bell's Palsy has caused
- permanent paralysis of one side of the face, the peripheral facial nerve can
- be surgically connected with the spinal accessory or hypoglossal nerves to
- allow some eventual return of muscle function.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The orphan drug acylovir (Zovirax), an antiviral medication, is being used to
- treat some cases of Bell's Palsy; acylovir may be used by itself or in
- combination with prednisone. It is thought that this drug may be effective
- in those cases of Bell's Palsy thought to be caused by the herpes zoster
- virus. Further investigation is needed to determine the long-term safety and
- effectiveness of this treatment for Bell's Palsy.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Bell's Palsy, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 376.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 1774, 2248.
-
- PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice
- Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp.
- 597-598, 1081-1083.
-
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF IDIOPATHIC (BELL'S) PALSY: K.K. Adour; Otolaryngol
- Clin North Am (June 1991; 24(3)). Pp. 663-673.
-
- BELL'S PALSY: G.J. Petruzzelli; Postgrad Med (August 1990; 90(2)). Pp.
- 115-118, 121-122, 125-127.
-
- BELL'S PALSY. ENSURING THE BEST OUTCOME: J.C. Morgenlander (October 1990;
- 88(5). Pp. 157-161, 164.
-
- CURRENT MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR BELL'S PALSY: K.K. Adour (October 1984;
- 5(6)). Pp. 499-502.
-
- INCIDENCE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND PROGNOSIS IN BELL'S PALSY: S.K. Katusic
- et al.; Ann Neurol (Nov 1986; 20(5)). Pp. 622-627.
-
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF IDIOPATHIC (BELL'S) PALSY: K.K. Adour; Otolaryngol
- Clin North Am (Jun 1991; 24(3)). Pp. 663-673.
-
-